Njengoko abantu bekhula, ukwehla kokusebenza kwengqondo kuya kubonakala ngakumbi. Phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-20-49, uninzi lwabo luqala ukuqaphela ukwehla kokusebenza kwengqondo xa belahlekelwa yinkumbulo okanye belibala. Kwabo baneminyaka engama-50-59, ukuqonda ukwehla kokusebenza kwengqondo kudla ngokuvela xa beqala ukubona ukwehla okubonakalayo kwinkumbulo.
Xa behlola iindlela zokuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo, amaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka agxila kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Abantu abaneminyaka engama-20-29 bathambekele ekugxileni ekuphuculeni ubuthongo ukuze baphucule ukusebenza kwengqondo (44.7%), ngelixa abantu abaneminyaka engama-30-39 benomdla wokunciphisa ukudinwa (47.5%). Kwabo baneminyaka engama-40-59 ubudala, ukuphucula ingqalelo kuthathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwengqondo (40-49 iminyaka: 44%, 50-59 iminyaka: 43.4%).
Izithako Ezidumileyo Kwimarike Yempilo Yobuchopho YaseJapan
Ngokuhambelana nomkhwa wehlabathi wokulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo, imakethi yokutya esebenzayo yaseJapan igxininisa ngakumbi kwizisombululo zemiba ethile yezempilo, impilo yengqondo iyindawo ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo. Ngomhla we-11 kuDisemba 2024, iJapan yayibhalise ukutya okusebenzayo okuyi-1,012 (ngokwedatha esemthethweni), apho ezingama-79 kuzo zazinxulumene nempilo yengqondo. Phakathi kwezi, iGABA yayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa rhoqo, ilandelwa yii-lutein/i-zeaxanthin, i-ginkgo leaf extract (ii-flavonoids, ii-terpenoids),I-DHA, I-Bifidobacterium MCC1274, I-Portulaca oleracea saponins, i-paclitaxel, ii-peptides ze-imidazolidine,I-PQQ, kunye ne-ergothioneine.
1. I-GABA
I-GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) yi-amino acid engeyiyo i-proteinogenic eyafunyanwa okokuqala nguSteward kunye noogxa bakhe kwizicubu ze-potato tuber ngo-1949. Ngo-1950, uRoberts et al. bachonga i-GABA kwiingqondo zezilwanyana ezincancisayo, ezenziwe nge-α-decarboxylation engenakuguqulwa ye-glutamate okanye iityuwa zayo, ebangelwa yi-glutamate decarboxylase.
I-GABA yi-neurotransmitter ebalulekileyo efumaneka kakhulu kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo yezilwanyana ezincancisayo. Umsebenzi wayo ophambili kukunciphisa ukuvuseleleka kwe-neuronal ngokuthintela ukudluliselwa kwemiqondiso ye-neural. Engqondweni, ibhalansi phakathi kokudluliselwa kwe-neurotransmission okuthintelweyo okubangelwa yi-GABA kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-neurotransmission okubangelwa yi-glutamate kubalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo lwe-membrane yeseli kunye nokusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwe-neural.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuba iGABA inokuthintela utshintsho lwe-neurodegenerative kwaye iphucule imisebenzi yememori kunye neyokuqonda. Izifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba iGABA iphucula inkumbulo yexesha elide kwiimpuku ngokuncipha kwengqondo kwaye ikhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli ze-neuroendocrine PC-12. Kwizilingo zeklinikhi, iGABA ibonakalisiwe ukuba yonyusa amanqanaba e-serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) kwaye inciphise umngcipheko we-dementia kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer kubasetyhini abaneminyaka ephakathi.
Ukongeza, iGABA inefuthe elihle kwimood, uxinzelelo, ukudinwa, kunye nokulala. Uphando lubonisa ukuba umxube weGABA kunye ne-L-theanine unokunciphisa ixesha lokulala, unyuse ixesha lokulala, kwaye unyuse ukubonakaliswa kweGABA kunye ne-glutamate GluN1 receptor subunits.
2. I-Lutein/i-Zeaxanthin
I-Luteinyi-carotenoid eneoksijini eyenziwe ziintsalela ezisibhozo ze-isoprene, i-polyene engagcwaliyo equlethe iibhondi eziphindwe kabini ezilithoba, efunxa kwaye ikhuphe ukukhanya kwiiwavelength ezithile, inika iipropati zombala ezikhethekileyo.I-Zeaxanthinyi-isomer ye-lutein, eyahlukileyo kwindawo yebhondi ephindwe kabini kwiringi.
I-Lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthinzezona pigment ziphambili kwi-retina. I-Lutein ifumaneka kakhulu kwi-peripheral retina, ngelixa i-zeaxanthin igxile kwi-central macula. Iziphumo zokukhusela zei-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthinkwamehlo kuquka ukuphucula umbono, ukuthintela ukuwohloka kwe-macular okunxulumene nobudala (AMD), i-cataracts, i-glaucoma, kunye nokuthintela i-retinopathy kwiintsana ezisandula kuzalwa.
Ngo-2017, abaphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseGeorgia bafumanise ukubai-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthinImpembelelo entle kwimpilo yengqondo kubantu abadala. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqanaba aphezulu e-i-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthinbabonise umsebenzi ophantsi wobuchopho xa besenza imisebenzi yokukhumbula amagama, nto leyo ebonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemithambo-luvo.
Ukongeza, uphando lubike ukuba iLutemax 2020, isongezelelo selutein esivela kwi-Omeo, yonyuse kakhulu inqanaba le-BDNF (i-neurotrophic factor efumaneka ebuchosheni), iproteni ebalulekileyo ebandakanyeka kwi-neural plasticity, kwaye ibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuhlukaniseni ii-neurons, kwaye inxulunyaniswa nokufunda okuphuculweyo, inkumbulo, kunye nomsebenzi wokuqonda.
(Iifomyula zolwakhiwo lwe-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin)
3. I-Ginkgo Leaf Extract (iiFlavonoids, iiTerpenoids)
I-Ginkgo biloba, uhlobo olulodwa oluphilayo kusapho lwe-ginkgo, ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yifosili ephilayo." Amagqabi ayo kunye nembewu zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lwezonyango kwaye zezinye zezona mithi zendalo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Iikhompawundi ezisebenzayo kwi-ginkgo leaf extract ikakhulu zii-flavonoids kunye nee-terpenoids, ezineempawu ezinje ngokunceda ukunciphisa amafutha, imiphumo ye-antioxidant, ukuphucula inkumbulo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwamehlo, kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko kumonakalo wesibindi seekhemikhali.
I-monograph ye-World Health Organisation malunga nezityalo zonyango icacisa ukubai-ginkgoIzicatshulwa zamagqabi kufuneka zibe ne-22-27% ye-flavonoid glycosides kunye ne-5-7% ye-terpenoids, kunye nomxholo we-ginkgolic acid ongaphantsi kwe-5 mg/kg. EJapan, i-Health and Nutrition Food Association imisele imigangatho yomgangatho we-ginkgo leaf extract, efuna umxholo we-flavonoid glycoside ongaphantsi kwe-24% kunye nomxholo we-terpenoid ongaphantsi kwe-6%, kunye ne-ginkgolic acid egcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-5 ppm. Ukutya okucetyiswayo kwemihla ngemihla kubantu abadala kuphakathi kwe-60 kunye ne-240 mg.
Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwe-ginkgo leaf extract eqhelekileyo, xa kuthelekiswa ne-placebo, kunokuphucula kakhulu imisebenzi ethile yengqondo, kubandakanya ukuchaneka kwenkumbulo kunye nokukwazi ukugweba. Ngaphezu koko, i-ginkgo extract ibikwe ukuba iphucula ukuhamba kwegazi lobuchopho kunye nomsebenzi.
4. I-DHA
I-DHA(i-docosahexaenoic acid) yi-omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Ininzi kwizilwanyana zaselwandle nakwiimveliso zazo, ingakumbi iintlanzi ezinamafutha, ezibonelela nge-0.68-1.3 grams ye-DHA kwi-100 grams nganye. Ukutya okusekwe kwizilwanyana okufana namaqanda nenyama kuqulethe ubungakanani obuncinci be-DHA. Ukongeza, ubisi lwebele lomntu kunye nobisi lwezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo lukwaqulethe i-DHA. Uphando olwenziwe kubafazi abangaphezu kwama-2,400 kwizifundo ezingama-65 lufumanise ukuba uxinaniso oluqhelekileyo lwe-DHA kubisi lwebele yi-0.32% yobunzima be-fatty acid iyonke, ukusuka kwi-0.06% ukuya kwi-1.4%, apho abemi baselunxwemeni benamazinga aphezulu e-DHA kubisi lwebele.
I-DHA inxulunyaniswa nophuhliso lobuchopho, ukusebenza, kunye nezifo. Uphando olunzulu lubonisa ukubaI-DHAinokuphucula ukudluliselwa kwe-neurotransmission, ukukhula kwe-neuronal, i-synaptic plasticity, kunye nokukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta-analysis lwezilingo ezili-15 ezilawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga lubonise ukuba ukutya okuqhelekileyo kwe-580 mg ye-DHA yonke imihla kuyiphucule kakhulu imemori ye-episodic kubantu abadala abasempilweni (abaneminyaka eli-18 ukuya kwengama-90 ubudala) kunye nabo bane-cognitive impairment encinci.
Iindlela zokusebenza ze-DHA ziquka: 1) ukubuyisela umlinganiselo we-n-3/n-6 PUFA; 2) ukuthintela ukudumba kwe-neuroinflammation okubangelwa kukusebenza kakhulu kwe-M1 microglial cell; 3) ukuthintela i-A1 astrocyte phenotype ngokunciphisa iimpawu ze-A1 ezifana ne-C3 kunye ne-S100B; 4) ukuthintela ngempumelelo indlela yokubonisa i-proBDNF/p75 ngaphandle kokutshintsha i-neurotrophic factor-associated kinase B signaling evela kwi-brain; kunye ne-5) ukukhuthaza ukusinda kwe-neuronal ngokunyusa amanqanaba e-phosphatidylserine, okwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kunye nokusebenza kwe-membrane ye-protein kinase B (Akt).
5. I-Bifidobacterium MCC1274
Amathumbu, adla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yingqondo yesibini," abonakalisiwe ukuba asebenzisana kakhulu nengqondo. Amathumbu, njengelungu elinokunyakaza okuzimelayo, anokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kokufundiswa ngqo kwengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamathumbu nengqondo lugcinwa ngenkqubo ye-autonomic nervous, imiqondiso yehomoni, kunye nee-cytokines, ezenza oko kwaziwa ngokuba yi-"gut-brain axis."
Uphando lutyhile ukuba iintsholongwane zamathumbu zidlala indima ekuqokeleleni kweproteni ye-β-amyloid, uphawu oluphambili lwesifo se-Alzheimer. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni, izigulane ze-Alzheimer zinciphise ulwahlulo lwe-microbiota zamathumbu, kunye nokuncipha kobuninzi beBifidobacterium.
Kwizifundo zokungenelela kwabantu kubantu abane-mild cognitive impairment (MCI), ukusetyenziswa kweBifidobacterium MCC1274 kuphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kwengqondo kwiRivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBANS). Amanqaku kwiindawo ezifana nememori ekhawulezileyo, ubuchule bokubona-indawo, ukucubungula okuntsonkothileyo, kunye nememori ebambezelekileyo nazo ziphuculwe kakhulu.
Ixesha leposi: Jan-07-2025