Njengoko abantu bekhula, ukwehla komsebenzi wobuchopho kubonakala ngakumbi. Phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-20-49 ubudala, abaninzi baqala ukuqaphela ukwehla komsebenzi wokuqonda xa befumana ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo okanye ukulibala. Kwabo baneminyaka engama-50-59 ubudala, ukuqondwa kokuncipha kwengqondo kudla ngokufika xa beqala ukufumana ukuhla okubonakalayo kwinkumbulo.
Xa kuhlolwa iindlela zokuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo, amaqela ahlukeneyo eminyaka yobudala agxila kwizinto ezahlukeneyo. Abantu abaneminyaka eyi-20-29 bavame ukugxila ekuphuculeni ubuthongo ukuze bakhulise ukusebenza kwengqondo (44.7%), ngelixa abantu abaneminyaka eyi-30-39 banomdla kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukukhathala (47.5%). Kwabo baneminyaka eyi-40-59, ukuphuculwa kwengqwalasela kuthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni umsebenzi wengqondo (iminyaka eyi-40-49: 44%, 50-59 iminyaka: 43.4%).
Izithako ezidumileyo kwiMarike yeMpilo yengqondo yaseJapan
Ngokuhambelana nendlela yehlabathi yokuphila ubomi obunempilo, imarike yokutya yaseJapan igxininisa ngakumbi izisombululo zemiba ethile yezempilo, kunye nempilo yobuchopho yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekugxilwe kuyo. NgoDisemba 11, i-2024, iJapan yayibhalise ukutya okusebenzayo kwe-1,012 (ngokwedatha esemthethweni), apho i-79 yayinxulumene nempilo yengqondo. Phakathi kwezi, i-GABA yayiyeyona nto isetyenziswa rhoqo, ilandelwalutein/zeaxanthinI-ginkgo leaf extract (i-flavonoids, i-terpenoids),I-DHA, Bifidobacterium MCC1274, Portulaca oleracea saponins, paclitaxel, imidazolidine peptides,PQQ, kunye ne-ergothioneine.
1. GABA
I-GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) i-amino acid engeyiyo i-proteinogenic ifunyenwe okokuqala nguMphathi kunye noogxa kwi-potato tuber tissue kwi-1949. Kwi-1950, uRoberts et al. ichongiwe i-GABA kubuchopho be-mammalian, ebunjwe nge-α-decarboxylation engaguqulekiyo ye-glutamate okanye iityuwa zayo, ezenziwe yi-glutamate decarboxylase.
I-GABA yi-neurotransmitter ebalulekileyo efunyenwe kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-nervous mammalian. Umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukunciphisa i-neuronal excitability ngokuvimbela ukuhanjiswa kweempawu ze-neural. Engqondweni, ibhalansi phakathi kwe-neurotransmission ye-inhibitory mediated yi-GABA kunye ne-neurotransmission ye-excitatory mediated yi-glutamate ibalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo lwe-membrane yeseli kunye nomsebenzi oqhelekileyo we-neural.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-GABA inokuthintela utshintsho lwe-neurodeergenerative kunye nokuphucula imemori kunye nemisebenzi yokuqonda. Izifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba i-GABA iphucula inkumbulo yexesha elide kwiigundane kunye nokuncipha kwengqondo kunye nokukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli ze-neuroendocrine ze-PC-12. Kwizilingo zeklinikhi, i-GABA ibonakaliswe ukwandisa amanqanaba e-serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko we-dementia kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer kubasetyhini abaneminyaka ephakathi.
Ukongezelela, i-GABA inemiphumo emihle kwimoya, uxinzelelo, ukudinwa, kunye nokulala. Uphando lubonisa ukuba umxube we-GABA kunye ne-L-theanine unokunciphisa ukubambezeleka kokulala, ukwandisa ixesha lokulala, kunye nokulawula ukubonakaliswa kwe-GABA kunye ne-glutamate GluN1 receptor subunits.
2. Lutein/Zeaxanthin
Luteinyi-oxygen carotenoid eyenziwe ngeentsalela ze-isoprene ezisibhozo, i-polyene engaxutywanga equlethe iibhondi eziphindwe kabini ezisithoba, ezifunxayo kwaye zikhuphe ukukhanya kubude obukhethekileyo bobude, bunika iimpawu zombala ezizodwa.Zeaxanthinyi-isomere ye-lutein, eyahlukileyo kwindawo yebhondi ephindwe kabini kwiringi.
Lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthinzezona pigments kwiretina. I-Lutein ifumaneka ikakhulu kwi-retina ye-peripheral, ngelixa i-zeaxanthin igxile kwi-macula esembindini. Iziphumo ezikhuselayo ze-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin zamehlo zibandakanya ukuphucula umbono, ukuthintela ukwehla kwe-macular degeneration (AMD), i-cataracts, i-glaucoma, kunye nokuthintela i-retinopathy kwiintsana ezingaphambi kwexesha.
Ngo-2017, abaphandi abavela kwiDyunivesithi yaseGeorgia bafumanisa ukuba i-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin zinempembelelo entle kwimpilo yengqondo kubantu abadala. Uphononongo lubonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanamanqanaba aphezulu e-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin babonise umsebenzi ophantsi wobuchopho xa besenza imisebenzi yokukhumbula amagama amabini, ephakamisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-neural.
Ukongeza, uphononongo luxele ukuba iLutemax 2020, isongezelelo selutein esivela ku-Omeo, inyuse kakhulu inqanaba le-BDNF (i-brain-derived neurotrophic factor), iprotein ebalulekileyo ebandakanyeka kwi-neural plasticity, kwaye ibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuhlukaniseni ii-neuron, kwaye inxulumene ukufunda okuphuculweyo, inkumbulo, kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo.
(Iifomyula zesakhiwo se-lutein kunye ne-zeaxanthin)
3. Ginkgo Leaf Extract (Flavonoids, Terpenoids)
Ginkgo biloba, uhlobo olulodwa olusindayo kwintsapho yeginkgo, idla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yifosili ephilayo." Amagqabi ayo kunye nembewu zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuphando lwe-pharmacological kwaye lelinye lamayeza endalo asetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Iikhompawundi ezisebenzayo kwi-ginkgo leaf extract ikakhulu zii-flavonoids kunye ne-terpenoids, ezineepropathi ezinjengokuncedisa ukunciphisa i-lipid, iziphumo ze-antioxidant, ukuphucula imemori, ukunciphisa ubunzima bamehlo, kunye nokubonelela ngokhuseleko kumonakalo wesibindi.
I-monograph yoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi kwizityalo zamayeza ichaza ukuba umgangathoiginkgoizicatshulwa amagqabi kufuneka iqulathe 22-27% flavonoid glycosides kunye 5-7% terpenoids, kunye nomxholo ginkgolic acid ngaphantsi kwe-5 mg/kg. EJapan, i-Health and Nutrition Food Association imisele imigangatho yomgangatho we-ginkgo leaf extract, ifuna umxholo we-flavonoid glycoside ubuncinane kwi-24% kunye nomxholo we-terpenoid ubuncinane kwi-6%, kunye ne-ginkgolic acid egcinwe phantsi kwe-5 ppm. Ukutya okucetyiswayo kwansuku zonke kubantu abadala kuphakathi kwe-60 kunye ne-240 mg.
Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide le-ginkgo leaf extract, xa kuthelekiswa ne-placebo, kunokuphucula kakhulu imisebenzi ethile yengqondo, kuquka ukuchaneka kwememori kunye nokukwazi ukugweba. Ngaphezu koko, isicatshulwa se-ginkgo siye sachazwa ukuphucula ukuhamba kwegazi kwengqondo kunye nomsebenzi.
4. DHA
I-DHA (i-docosahexaenoic acid) yi-omega-3 ye-chain-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Ininzi kwizilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nemveliso yazo, ngakumbi iintlanzi ezinamafutha, ezibonelela nge-0.68-1.3 grams ye-DHA nge-100 grams. Ukutya okusekelwe kwizilwanyana okufana namaqanda kunye nenyama kuqulethe ixabiso elincinci le-DHA. Ukongeza, ubisi lwebele lomntu kunye nobisi lwezinye izilwanyana ezincancisayo nazo zine-DHA. Uphando lwabasetyhini abangaphezu kwama-2,400 kwizifundo ezingama-65 zafumanisa ukuba i-avareji yoxinaniso lwe-DHA kubisi lwebele yi-0.32% yobunzima be-asidi enamafutha, ukusuka kwi-0.06% ukuya kwi-1.4%, kunye nabemi baselunxwemeni abanezona ndawo ziphezulu ze-DHA kubisi lwebele.
I-DHA inxulunyaniswa nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, umsebenzi, kunye nezifo. Uphando olubanzi lubonisa ukuba i-DHA inokuphucula i-neurotransmission, ukukhula kwe-neuronal, iplastiki ye-synaptic, kunye nokukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta lwe-15 izilingo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe zibonise ukuba umyinge wokuthathwa kwemihla ngemihla ye-580 mg ye-DHA iphucule kakhulu imemori ye-episodic kubantu abadala abanempilo (i-18-90 iminyaka ubudala) kunye nabo banokukhubazeka okuncinci kwengqondo.
Iindlela zokusebenza ze-DHA ziquka: 1) ukubuyisela umlinganiselo we-n-3/n-6 PUFA; I-2) inqanda i-neuroinflammation enxulumene neminyaka ebangelwa yi-M1 microglial cell overactivation; 3) ukucinezela i-astrocyte phenotype ye-A1 ngokunciphisa iimpawu ze-A1 ezifana ne-C3 kunye ne-S100B; I-4) ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo i-proBDNF/p75 indlela yokubonisa ngaphandle kokuguqula i-brain-derived neurotrophic factor-associated kinase B isibonakaliso; kunye ne-5) ukukhuthaza ukusinda kwe-neuronal ngokunyusa amanqanaba e-phosphatidylserine, eyenza iprotheni kinase B (Akt) i-membrane translocation kunye nokusebenza.
5. I-Bifidobacterium MCC1274
Amathumbu, adla ngokubizwa ngokuba “yingqondo yesibini,” ibonakaliswe inonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo nengqondo. Amathumbu, njengelungu elinentshukumo yokuzimela, inokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle komyalelo othe ngqo wengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano phakathi kwamathumbu kunye nengqondo lugcinwa ngenkqubo ye-nervous autonomic, izibonakaliso zehomoni, kunye ne-cytokines, eyenza into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "gut-brain axis."
Uphando lubonise ukuba iibhaktheriya zamathumbu zidlala indima ekuqokeleleni iprotheni ye-β-amyloid, i-pathological marker engundoqo kwi-Alzheimer's disease. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni, izigulana ze-Alzheimer ziye zanciphisa ukungafani kwe-microbiota yamathumbu, kunye nokuncipha kobuninzi be-Bifidobacterium.
Kwizifundo zongenelelo loluntu kubantu abanengxaki yokuqonda kancinci (MCI), ukusetyenziswa kweBifidobacterium MCC1274 kuphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kwengqondo kuVavanyo lweMemori yokuZiphatha yeRivermead (RBANS). Amanqaku kwiindawo ezifana nememori ekhawulezileyo, amandla okubonwa kwendawo, ukusetyenzwa okuntsokothileyo, kunye nokulibaziseka kwememori nako kwaphuculwa kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-06-2025